Syntax And Spatial Cognition : Or Why the Axial Line ?

Space syntax research has found that spatial configuration alone explains a substantial proportion of the variance between aggregate human movement rates in different locations in both urban and building interior space. Although it seems possible to explain how people move on the basis of these analyses, the question of why they move this way has always seemed problematic because the analysis contains no explicit representations of either motivations or individual cognition. One possible explanation for the method’s predictive power is that some aspects of cognition are implicit in space syntax analysis. This article reviews the contribution made by syntax research to the understanding of environmental cognition. It proposes that cognitive space, defined as that space which supports our understanding of configurations more extensive than our current visual field, is not a metric space, but topological. A hypothetical process for deriving a nonmetric space from the metric visibility graph involving exploratory movement is developed. The resulting space is shown to closely resemble the axial graph. One of the favored assumptions of those dealing with human action is that the “prime mover” is individual motivation or goal-directed behavior. The evidence from space syntax research, however, is that one can get quite a long way in predicting movement behavior without invoking goals and motivations and in fact, without explicitly assuming anything about individuals or their cognitive capacity. This empirical success is sometimes taken to suggest that individuals and their motivations are not considered important or of interest in space syntax research. Here I argue the reverse. I propose that clues to the nature of individual motivation and cognition may be implicit in space 30 ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR, Vol. 35 No. 1, January 2003 30-65 DOI: 10.1177/0013916502238864 © 2003 Sage Publications © 2003 SAGE Publications. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution. at PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on April 16, 2008 http://eab.sagepub.com Downloaded from syntax theory and analysis, and by making these explicit, the field can contribute to a better understanding of individual-level mechanisms. It is important to note that space syntax research started out as research into societies as distinct to individuals, and it is perhaps this way of slicing the cake—taking a view on what is external and common to all individuals and therefore potentially social—that has led us to take a quite fundamentally different approach to those commonly adopted by researchers who start through a consideration of the individual. I will suggest that the light syntax research can throw on issues of cognition stems from taking this social and therefore broadly exosomatic perspective. I will start, however, with an apparently relatively minor outcome of this program of social research, which was probably unforeseen at the outset but which has become central to the broad social theory proposed by space syntax. Space syntax analysis (which represents and quantifies aspects of spatial pattern) has found that spatial configuration correlates powerfully with observed movement by both pedestrians (e.g., Hillier, Burdett, Peponis, & Penn, 1987; Hillier, Hanson, Peponis, Hudson, & Burdett, 1983; Hillier, Penn, Hanson, Grajewski, & Xu, 1993; Peponis, Hadjinikolaou, Livieratos, & Fatouros, 1989; Read, 1999) and drivers (Penn, Hillier, Banister, & Xu, 1998a, 1998b) (Figure 1). This degree of correlation is surprising because the analysis appears not to incorporate many of the factors considered critical in previous efforts to model human movement patterns through the built environment. The analysis incorporates only certain aspects of the geometry of the environment and makes no mention of the motivations or intentions of the movers either explicitly through the use of origin-destination (O-D) information or implicitly by inclusion of land use, development density, or other factors that might act as a proxy for these. Even the geometric descriptions it uses are extremely parsimonious. No direct account is taken of the metric properties of space, and the analysis that to date has shown the most consistent empirical correlation reduces the effects of metric distance to a minimum and places the most emphasis on the average number of changes of direction encountered on routes, not to specific destinations but to all possible destinations. This appears to eliminate a key factor in most modeling approaches based on rational choice, in which the main “cost” associated with travel— and which it is assumed the rational individual will seek to minimize while achieving their goals—is usually taken as travel time judged on the basis of metric distance. It is, however, exactly the parsimony of the representation and the consistent strength of the empirical results that makes for the practical usefulness of syntax analysis as a design tool (see www.spacesyntax.com for a summary of recent applications projects). Few assumptions need to be made about future Penn / SPACE SYNTAX AND SPATIAL COGNITION 31 © 2003 SAGE Publications. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution. at PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on April 16, 2008 http://eab.sagepub.com Downloaded from 32 ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR / January 2003